.MCAD 304020000 1 121 136 0
.CMD PLOTFORMAT
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 
0 1 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 2 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 3 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 4 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 5 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 6 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 2 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 3 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 4 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 5 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 6 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 21 15 0 0 3 
.CMD FORMAT  rd=d ct=10 im=i et=3 zt=15 pr=3 mass length time charge temperature tr=0 vm=1
.CMD SET ORIGIN 0
.CMD SET TOL 0.001000000000000
.CMD SET PRNCOLWIDTH 8
.CMD SET PRNPRECISION 4
.CMD PRINT_SETUP 0.500000 0.500000 0.500000 0.500000 0
.CMD HEADER_FOOTER 1 1 *empty* *empty* *empty* 0 1 *empty* *empty* *empty*
.CMD HEADER_FOOTER_FONT fontID=14 family=Arial points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=-1
.CMD HEADER_FOOTER_FONT fontID=15 family=Arial points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=-1
.CMD DEFAULT_TEXT_PARPROPS 0 0 0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=0 name=Variables
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=1 name=Constants
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=2 name=Text
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=4 name=User^Select
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=5 name=User^2
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=6 name=User^3
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=7 name=User^4
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=8 name=User^5
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=9 name=User^6
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=10 name=User^7
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=0 family=Times^New^Roman points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=1
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=1 family=Times^New^Roman points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=1
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=2 family=Times^New^Roman points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=13
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=4 family=Times^New^Roman points=12 bold=1 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=-1
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=5 family=Courier^New points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=-1
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=6 family=System points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=-1
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=7 family=Script points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=-1
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=8 family=Roman points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=-1
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=9 family=Modern points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=-1
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=10 family=Times^New^Roman points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0 colrid=-1
.CMD UNITS U=1
.CMD DIMENSIONS_ANALYSIS 0 0
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 0 0 0
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 128 0 0
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 0 128 0
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 128 128 0
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 0 0 128
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 128 0 128
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 0 128 128
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 128 128 128
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 192 192 192
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 255 0 0
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 0 255 0
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 255 255 0
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 0 0 255
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 255 0 255
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 0 255 255
.CMD COLORTAB_ENTRY 255 255 255
.EQN 1 72 95 0 0
{    3    15 10464 0 8 33 219}{66}
!1!*!!!$3v+u!!#eBd#e!!!!!q!!!!>}ARD\!!.[!!!-!J6i)!4.!!!!$g,m%m+|ARD\!).]!!#\!!!$+u%(1EIq<M'?!)"%#e"E70Iq+k&j!$Bd+U!X1FG-#i$g!%'/7-"%1K#e1e%*!'!R6{"#&a&K1c$Y!)$F1a!!!!!!DR%J!/"d4w#7?#<7Am'i!)(P2c"DAj4'6g(K!(%[D7"t?:&K<0L7!-"dG-#G<4G-Ij&6!/(.C%#V9LAa)#JB
!"!!!!!s&l!!)"#e!"!1!!!!#e!!!"&W!!!3&;!!#i!!!!#'!!!!>k!!!%Iq!!!a!"#e)A!@!#Iq&k!0!%!a+u!A!!!!1c#e!%$'!!!B&[!!!##e!!!A&;!!&=Iq!#!p!!!!G-!!!+#e!!"$!"Iq1a!A!%&K+u!a!%#e$'!p.OIq+u!!!+$&$'"#,7!!)D#e!!!R!!!!)#&K!#!b!!!A1A!!&W&K&m(O!!!!6k!@!(Iq+u""!'&K,7"%!"&K
16Jr!'!!!!#'$(&K71&K!%'/!!!!,7!!!%!D!!!S+e!!))!!!!#d!#!A<7!C!+#e+u"C!)!!6k"E!%!!6{!!!('_4G"c!!!!G=!!!+$F!!"%1a!!!'!!!!"#+5!!+y#e!%"C!!!@GM!a,#&K+u"e!'!!<G"d!*IqAa"B!*Iq#U"C6s!!B#!!!0Iq!!#$,'!!7%#e!!"C!!!!72!!!'"%!!"#<7!!,3&K+w(Q!%#eB#"D!0IqG-#E!.Iq6[#'
!%#e9IKD!/!@'=#F&K!!GS&K!+%J!!!!<7!!!*K7!!"E6k!b7)!!!'(p!%#eLG"%!/#eB##d!0IqLG#d!)!!LG!b!+(1<W#d&>.[LHJ#!0K6!!#$AQ!!!-&K!!#&:S!!A}&K!)(N!!"CLG!b,6Iq6})0!-&mLG#d&zIqJe@V!0J50/"u?H&KLK!a!0JU&+#dAR6kGK#e!!#F!!!!GGDG!/#E!!"dG-!B7,Iq,/&J!)'/LG#&,&IqLK)*!0JS
<7#d+|!!Am#%!0K56k#d7!#eLU#}!/&,+u!!LG!!!0Kg!!#dLG!!A`Iq/&&:!'%*LG"d1PIqAg)0!0JrLG#d1KIqLM"K!.(aDg#d<0IqLPK&!0LV!!#EG4+u,6JE!%)0Bs!cLVIq+q#d!)%HGM"C6zIqAi)0!/"DLG#d6jIqLO(Q!0K7<7#FGK#eLS"y!0Kw6{#dLJ.[J2%)!)#d6k"ELS<76zLV!)(oLG"EApIq<0LV!-(.LG#G<6IqLPLV
!0KTD7#d<19QIoLF!0L8FK#dGH!!LVK5!0&<?]#'LP#eB"L,!-&JLG"dG\IqAo&J!,KtLG#7A`IqGHLV!0KvL'#dAo+uLS#3!06bK%#dLVIqLUL%!0LVB##dLT!!G<Kt!/#dF{#ELVIqB1LV!/#VLG#EG<IqH]#d!0&+LG#dG<IqLU#Z!0L7H/#dLVIqLNLV!)#d6k#E!/!!LVK5!!#'!!"d1PIq!0LV!0L8%)#d!!!!LVIq!!!!LG#d6{!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LV6k#dLVIqAo&J!)%HGM!!,3&K6zK5!0LV6k!a!)!!!!!!!-&K!!#d6jIqLRJ+!!#dLG#dLVIq!!#d!-#FLG#dAo+u!!!!!!!!LG!!!!!!6s"C!0KvL'#ELRIqLLLV!0LVB#"CLO!!B,LV!-&JLG#dLO!!LPKT!0LV6k!!6zIqLU#}!0J5LG!!G=!!6k"C!.(?3%!!,7!!1a#F!!#&B##d
6{!!<HJ%!0K6!!!!!+IqAU#e!!+u!!!U!A!!!Q!!!$.[Bd#e!%)@&K#1!!!!+%!M!1!!!!"ZL9IxARD\!#6k!!!M!1!!+%!!!!#e!a!!!!!!"E)1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>+!!!!"n!!"n>+!!!!"n!+>{>+!!/w>{>5@j!&4~/m#d!!!!!0Iq!0LV!!!!!0IqLG#d!!#dLG#dLVIqLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVIq
!!#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLV!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVJ"LVLG!!LVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!0LVLV!!!!!!!!!!LVLVAm1@LV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLG!!!0LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!
LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLV!!LVLVLVLVIq#dLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!LVIq!0LG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVIq!!LVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLV!!LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLV
Iq#dLVLVLVLG!0LVIq!0LVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LI!tLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLG!!#dLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVIq#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLG!0LVLVLVLG!!LVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVIq#dLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG
!0LVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!#d#}A`!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLV!!!!LVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLG!0LVLG!!#dLVLVLV!!!!LVLV!!LVLVLVLG!!LVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVIq#dLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!LVLVIq#dLVLVLVIq!!Jr8nIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLV
LVLVLG!!#dLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVIq#dLVLVLG!!LVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq#dLVLG!0LVLVLVLVIq#U-ILG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLV!!!0LVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLV
LVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLG!0LVLVLG!!LVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLV!!LVLVLVLVLG!!Ah.Z!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVIq!!#dLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG
!!LVLV!!LVLVLG!!#dLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVIq#dLVLVLVLV!!#,H^Iq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLV!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLG!!LVLVLV!!#dLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq#dLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!0LVLVLV!!#dLVLVIq!!!!!!
!!!!!!LVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVIq!088LG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLV!!#dLVLVIq!0LVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!0LVLG!!#dLVLVLVLV!!LVLVLVIq#dLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLG!!;96j!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LV
LVLVLVLVLVLG!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLG!!LVLVLG!!LVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!LVLG!!#dLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVIq!0LVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVIq#dLVLVLVLV!!!_H~Iq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLV
LVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLG!!LVLV!!#dLVLV!!LVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLG!!LVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLV!!#dLVLG!0LVLVLVLVIq!!1gLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLG!!LVLV!!#dLVLVIq!0LVLV
LVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!0LVLG!!LVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLV!!LVLVLVLVLG!!!(1@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLV!!#dLVIq#dLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!LVLV!!LVLVLVLV!!
#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVIq#dLVLVLVLV!!"{'\Iq!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLG!!LVIq!0LVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq#dLV!!!0LVLVLVLVLVIq!0LV!!#dLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLG!0LVLVLVLVIq!)AFLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLV!!#dLG!!LVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!0LVIq!!LVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVIq!0LVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLV!!LVLVLVLVLG!!;*)0!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!
!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVIq!0LV!!LVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLV!!LVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVIq#dLG!0LVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVIq#dLVLVLVLV!!#%5(Iq!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLV!!#dIqLVLVLVLV!!
#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVIq#dLVLG!!#dLVLVLVLVLG!!LV!!LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLG!0LVLVLVLVIq!*<KLG!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLG!!#dLVIq!!LVLVIq!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVIq!0!!#dLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLG!0LVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!LVLVLV
LVLG!!LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLV!!LVLVLVLVIq!0K=<6!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLV!!!0LVLG!!!0LVLG!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLV!!!0LVLVLV!!!!!0LVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVIq!!LVLV!!LVLVLV!!!0LVLVLVLVLG!0!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLG!!LVLVIq#dLVLVLVIq!!J%!PIq!!!!!!!!
!!!0LVLVLG!!LVLV!!!!LVLV!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVIq!!!0LVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVIq#dLVLVLG!!#dLVLVLVLV!!!!!0LVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LNIuLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLV!!!0LVIq!!#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLG!!!!!!
!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLG!!!!LVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLG!0LVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLG!!!!LVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!#d9U1@!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVIq!!LVLV!!!0LVLV!!!0LVLG!!!0LVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVIq!!LVLVLV
LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLV!!LVLVLVLV!!!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!LVKx'\Iq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLG!!#dLVIq!!LVLVIq!!LVLV!!!!LVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!#dLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LV
LVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!#dLG'.LG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLV!!!!LVLV!!!0LVLV!!!0LVLG!!#dLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!$&J!!!!
!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLG!!#dLVIq!!LVLVIq!!#dLV!!!0LVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0Iq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLV!!!0LVLG!!!0LVLG!!!0LVLG!!#dLVLVLV
!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLI!nLG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLG!!LVLV!!!!LVLV!!!!LVLV!!!0LVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV
LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!D4&!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLV!!!0LVLG!!#dLVLG!!#dLVIq!!#dLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV
LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVJs)pIq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVIq!!#dLV!!!0LVLV!!!!LVLV!!!0LVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!
LG!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLG!!!0LVIq!!#dLVLG!!#dLVIq!!LVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV&OG,!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLV!!!!LVLV!!!0LVLV!!!0LVLG!!#d
LVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq*2Iq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLG!!#dLVIq!!#dLVIq!!#dLV!!!!LVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV
LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLS!VLG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVIq!!LVLG!!!0LVLV!!!0LVLG!!#dLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV
LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#d!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLG!!#dLVIq!!LVLVIq!!LVLV!!!!LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV
LVJ3.:Iq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLV!!!0LVLG!!#dLVLG!!#dLVIq!!#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG'!LG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVIq!!LVLVIq!!LVLVIq!!LV
LG!!!0LVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLV&N9P!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLG!!!0LVLG!!#dLVLG!!!0LVIq!!LVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!
LVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!0LVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVIq!0Iq!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!0LVLV!!!!!!!!!!#dLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLG!!#dLVLVLVIq!!
!!!!!!!!LVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLI!qLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!0LVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLG!!#dLVLVLG!!!0LVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!#dLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLV
!!#dLVLV!D.Z!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!LVLVLV!!!!!!!!!0LVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!LVLVLV!!!!#dLVLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVK5+$Iq!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLG!!!0LVLVLVLVLV
LVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!0LVLVIq!!!0LVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLG!!LG!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLV!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLV
LVIq!0LVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!LVLVLG!!!!LVLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLV&OG,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVIq!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!#dLVLV!!Iq#dLVLV
LV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVIs)pIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLV!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!Iq!0LVLV!!LG!!LVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!LVLVLVLV
LVLVLG!!LVLVLU!]LG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVIq!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#d!!LVLV!!#d!!#dLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLV!!#d!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLV!!!0LVLV
LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0Iq!0LVIq!0LG!0LVLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVJ3.jIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVIq!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLG!0LG!!LVLG!!LV!!LVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLG!TLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLG!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLV!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLG!!LVIq!0LV!!LVIq
!0LVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLV+xLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLV!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLV!!#dLG!!LV!!#dLV!0LVLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLG!0LV
LVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVIq!0Iq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLG!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LV!!#dIq!0LVIq!0LVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLI!oLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLV!!
!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVIq!0LG!!LVLG!!LVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLV!&#d!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVIq!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLV
LG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!LVLV!!LG!!LVLV!!#dLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVKU&jIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLV!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!LVLVLG!0!!
#dLVIq!0LVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLG!!LG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVIq!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLV!!!!!0LVLV!!LVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV
Iq#dLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLV&OIp!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVLG!!!0LVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVIq!!!0LVLVIq!0LVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!0LVLVIq.*LG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#d
LVLVIq!!LVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLVLVLV!!#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLG!!LVLVLG!!!0LVLVLG!!LVLVIq#dLVLVLVLVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!0LVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!ELVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLG!!!0LVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLVLV
LVLVLVIq!0LVLVLVLVIq!0LVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLV!!#dLVLVIq!!LVLVLVIq#dLVLG!0LVLVLVLVLVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLVLG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVIq!!LVLVIq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLVLVLG!!LVLVLG!!!!!!!!!!#dLVIq#dLVLV
LG!!#dLVLVLG!!LVLV!!LVLVLVLVLVLVLV!!!!!!!!!!!0LVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!#dLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!A,G)1!!!!!!!!

.TXT 2 -70 96 0 0
Cg a89.000000,89.000000,132
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;}{
\fonttbl{\f0\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}{\f1\fcharset0\fswiss Arial MT;}}
\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard {\cf2\f1\fs24\b PI_ATTN.MCD}                            
                                                              R. Waugh        
   rev. 8/12/98}
.TXT 4 -1 2 0 0
Cg b120.000000,120.000000,736
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}{\f1\fcharset2\fnil Symbol;}}\plain
\cf1\fs20 \pard This Mathcad file is an addendum to Hewlett-Packard 
Application Note 1048,  {\i A Low-Cost Surface Mount PIN Diode }{\f1 P}{
\i  Attenuator.  } Reference is made to Figure 3 of that note, which 
gives a schematic for a four diode {\f1 P} attenuator circuit.  The 
nomenclature used in this file corresponds to that used in Figure 3.  
When loaded in Mathcad, this file will permit the designer to modify 
the bias resistors and voltages shown in Figure 3 and observe the 
effect upon the curves of attenuation and return loss vs. control 
voltage V{\dn c}.\par \par This file was produced on version 6.0 of 
Mathcad, with the help of Jennifer Verolla, Bob Gauthier and Natalia 
Laskaris of the technical support department of Mathsoft.  Their 
assistance is gratefully acknowledged.}
.TXT 15 0 3 0 0
Cg b120.000000,120.000000,451
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard The following 
circuit parameters, shown in bold type, are the variables permitted in 
this analysis.  Resistance is given in Ohms, capacitance in Farads and 
frequency in Hertz.  In order to step the control voltage Vc,  
parameters {\b p} and {\b k} are given as variables. {\b  k} must be a 
range of integers, and{\b  p} is a fraction with permits V{\dn c} to 
take on fractional values.  As {\b p} is made smaller, V{\dn c} will 
be stepped in smaller increments and the analysis will slow.}
.EQN 5 46 121 0 0
{    8    41 2720 0 8 17 122}{66}
!1!*!!!$.K.[!!.[7]&K!!!!!q!!!!>}>k!Y!!.[!!!-!E)0!1+|!!!!$g.LLJ9U>k!Y!).]!!#\!!!$+u%(1EIq<M'?!)"%#e"E70Iq+k&j!$Bd+U!X1FG-#i$g!%'/7-"%1K#e1e%*!'!R6{"#&a&K1c$Y!)$F1a!!!!!!DR%J!/"d4w#7?#<7Am'i!)(P2c"DAj4'6g(K!(%[D7"t?:&K<0L7!-"dG-#G<4G-Ij&6!/(.C%#V9LAa)#JB
!"!!!!!s&l!!)"#e!"!1!!!!#e!!!"&W!!!3&;!!#i!!!!#'!!!!>k!!!%Iq!!!a!"#e)A!@!#Iq&k!0!%!a+u!A!!!!1c#e!%$'!!!B&[!!!##e!!!A&;!!&=Iq!#!p!!!!G-!!!+#e!!"$!"Iq1a!A!%&K+u!a!%#e$'!p.OIq+u!!!+$&$'"#,7!!)D#e!!!R!!!!)#&K!#!b!!!A1A!!&W&K&m(O!!!!6k!@!(Iq+u""!'&K,7"%!"&K
16Jr!'!!!!#'$(&K71&K!%'/!!!!,7!!!%!D!!!S+e!!))!!!!#d!#!A<7!C!+#e+u"C!)!!6k"E!%!!6{!!!('_4G"c!!!!G=!!!+$F!!"%1a!!!'!!!!"#+5!!+y#e!%"C!!!@GM!a,#&K+u"e!'!!<G"d!*IqAa"B!*Iq#U"C6s!!B#!!!0Iq!!#$,'!!7%#e!!"C!!!!72!!!'"%!!"#<7!!,3&K+w(Q!%#eB#"D!0IqG-#E!.Iq6[#'
!%#e9IKD!/!@'=#F&K!!GS&K!+%J!!!!<7!!!*K7!!"E6k!b7)!!!'(p!%#eLG"%!/#eB##d!0IqLG#d!)!!LG!b!+(1<W#d&>.[LHJ#!0K6!!#$AQ!!!-&K!!#&:S!!A}&K!)(N!!"CLG!b,6Iq6})0!-&mLG#d&zIqJe@V!0J50/"u?H&KLK!a!0JU&+#dAR6kGK#e!!#F!!!!GGDG!/#E!!"dG-!B7,Iq,/&J!)'/LG#&,&IqLK)*!0JS
<7#d+|!!Am#%!0K56k#d7!#eLU#}!/&,+u!!LG!!!0Kg!!#dLG!!A`Iq/&&:!'%*LG"d1PIqAg)0!0JrLG#d1KIqLM"K!.(aDg#d<0IqLPK&!0LV!!#EG4+u,6JE!%)0Bs!cLVIq+q#d!)%HGM"C6zIqAi)0!/"DLG#d6jIqLO(Q!0K7<7#FGK#eLS"y!0Kw6{#dLJ.[J2%)!)#d6k"ELS<76zLV!)(oLG"EApIq<0LV!-(.LG#G<6IqLPLV
!0KTD7#d<19QIoLF!0L8FK#dGH!!LVK5!0&<?]#'LP#eB"L,!-&JLG"dG\IqAo&J!,KtLG#7A`IqGHLV!0KvL'#dAo+uLS#3!06bK%#dLVIqLUL%!0LVB##dLT!!G<Kt!/#dF{#ELVIqB1LV!/#VLG#EG<IqH]#d!0&+LG#dG<IqLU#Z!0L7H/#dLVIqLNLV!)#d6k#E!/!!LVK5!!#'!!"d1PIq!0LV!0L8%)#d!!!!LVIq!!!!LG#d6{!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LV6k#dLVIqAo&J!)%HGM!!,3&K6zK5!0LV6k!a!)!!!!!!!-&K!!#d6jIqLRJ+!!#dLG#dLVIq!!#d!-#FLG#dAo+u!!!!!!!!LG!!!!!!6s"C!0KvL'#ELRIqLLLV!0LVB#"CLO!!B,LV!-&JLG#dLO!!LPKT!0LV6k!!6zIqLU#}!0J5LG!!G=!!6k"C!.(?3%!!,7!!1a#F!!#&B##d
6{!!<HJ%!0K6!!!!!+IqAU#e!!+u!!!U!A!!!Q!!!$.[$W!!!0>}EXIq!!!!!!"S!1!!!!!!#e!3/C:`2:)Q.A/t&P'\3[$u!!!!!a!!!#DH!1!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!!!&L!1!6!!!!)Q=y!0Iq"S!!!%7`.0!N)d7=)1!?!"+u'}!8!!G-$G!5!".[$G!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!!!&L!1!6!!!!)Q=y!#>}"S!!!%7`.0!N)d7>)1!?!"+u
'}!9!!DG$G!5!".[$G!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!!!&L!1!6!!!!)Q=y!&4*"S!!!%7`.0!N)d7C)1!?!".['m!9!!DG$G!6!"+u$G!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!!!&L!1!*!!!!)Q=F!&)1!1!!!&&K%Y!6!!!!Ke(tLG!!!!!!!*!"!!!!!!!1!"'A2yEN4Y!o2:4G/#K"1WG-E9!%!!!!(_#g!!+u!!#U!1#e!q!!!!9S!!!!!A+u!!!#!1#e"S!!
!$&U/}"1!!#e!!!t!!DG$W!!!0>}EXIq!!!!!!"S!1!!!!!!#e!3/C:`2:)Q.A/t&P'\3[$u!!!!!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!Aa!!!S"iDG-y#h!!!!)CGb!".["c!5!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!Aa!!!S"iDG5I&N!!!!)CGe!".["c!5!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!Aa!!!S"iDG=))4!!!!
)CG]!"+u"c!5!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"f4'/-!"!!!!.{!<!".[!!#`!O1@!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!$,-"3[/p&OH45;!s3{EJ3e#:!!+u!!!N!1&K!a!!!0!"!1!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!)Q<Y!'G-!A!!!#!k"#!,!".[!!#`!N4&!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!$,-"3[/p&OH45;!s3{EJ3e!!!!+u!!!N
!1#e!a!!!0!"!A!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!)Q<n!&)2!A!!!$/2$G!6!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!S"f4'6[&M!!!!*V.o!".[!q!!!!9S!!!!!A+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!$&U*C"n!Q&K!!!R)2.[$G!&!!!!$G'`!$<7!q!!!"+w4W!Y!a.[!!!5!H)1*s!%!!!!!a#r!!+u!!!#!1#e"C!!!0<9"#!"!!!!!!!!!A+u
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!Q+u!!!#!1#e"C!!!0<9"#!"!!!!!!!!!A+u!!!N!1+u!a!!!0!"!Q!)!!!!'=)3!$&N=y!S!`4&!q!!!"+w>+#3!!.[!!!5!P6jD'!&!!!!$G(:!-G-!a!!!!&L!1!)!!!!'=)3!-G->+#3!06j!q!!!"+w=9#b!1.[!!!5!P)0L'#j!!!!$G(5!0DH!a!!!!&L!1!)!!!!'=)3!0DH=9#b!@)0"C!!!0<9!q!!!!!!LVLV!!+u!!!N!1)1
!a!!!0!"!a!%!!!!(_#g!"#e!!#`!AAa"S!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&M!5*B4~'V2:&K!!!%!!!!(_#i!!+u!!#U!1#e!Q!!!!!!!!!Q

.TXT 3 -46 108 0 0
Cg a43.600000,43.600000,210
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard To select the 
diode used in your analysis, input R{\dn S} and R{\dn 1} (from the 
table at the right) to the yellow highlighted equations below.  The 
default values used in this example are for the low distortion HSMP-3810.}
.EQN 8 0 131 0 1
{0:R.S}NAME:1.8
.TXT 0 8 130 0 0
Cg a82.000000,82.000000,44
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard = diode series 
resistance under high current}
.TXT 1 37 136 0 0
Cg a45.000000,45.000000,220
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;}{
\fonttbl{\f0\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}{\f1\fcharset0\fnil Arial;}}
\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard {\cf2\f1 Automatic recalculation does not work, 
nor will you obtain the correct answer by using the "=" or F9 buttons.  
You must use the manual recalculation, <alt><M><C> (or use Math 
Calculate Worksheet from the drop down menu).}}
.EQN 3 -45 129 0 1
{0:R.j}NAME:85
.TXT 0 7 128 0 0
Cg a81.000000,81.000000,33
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard = diode RF 
resistance at 1mA bias}
.EQN 5 -7 4 0 0
{0:k}NAME:{4}2;{4}30
.EQN 0 13 5 0 0
{0:p}NAME:({4}1)/({4}2)
.EQN 0 10 6 0 0
({0:V.c}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):{0:p}NAME*{0:k}NAME
.EQN 0 12 7 0 0
{0:V.b}NAME:{4}5
.EQN 0 20 92 0 0
{   27    26 11840 0 8 330 354}{66}
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16Jr!'!!!!#'$(&K71&K!%'/!!!!,7!!!%!D!!!S+e!!))!!!!#d!#!A<7!C!+#e+u"C!)!!6k"E!%!!6{!!!('_4G"c!!!!G=!!!+$F!!"%1a!!!'!!!!"#+5!!+y#e!%"C!!!@GM!a,#&K+u"e!'!!<G"d!*IqAa"B!*Iq#U"C6s!!B#!!!0Iq!!#$,'!!7%#e!!"C!!!!72!!!'"%!!"#<7!!,3&K+w(Q!%#eB#"D!0IqG-#E!.Iq6[#'
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!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#h!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"gG5GM+v!!!!)A"!!"!!!!#`!D1@!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!(K-!a!!!#DH!Q!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"n)9Bs1B!!!!,W"T!"!!!!#`!F6j!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!'6S!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#h!!.[!!!*
!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"g4//}4(!!!!)Q""!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"q6pDG#f!!!!4'"!!"1A!!#`!D1@!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!$+'\3{@,1WGM.QBg&P*G5_Bh!-5@!a!!!#DH!Q!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!Iq!!!S"h)7%y!&!!!!-K!A+I9Q.k!d!%+u5Y!r!"!!!!#`!F6j!!!!!!!!
9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!'6S!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#h!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"p?"5y!"!!!!)A""!"1A!!#`!D1@!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!$+'\3{@,1WGM.QBg&P*G5_Bh!-5@!a!!!#DH!Q!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!Iq!!!S"eG3;%9V!!!!-K!A+I9Q.k!d!%+u5Y!r!"!!!!#`!F6j!!!!
!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!'6S!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#h!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"o!&*S>|!!!!4W!u!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"o<<JS9R!!!!)Q"!!"!!!!#`!D1@!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!(K-!a!!!#DH!Q!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!#4'!!!S"n+u/-&`!!!!
,[)Q2:$|2z2D3K/k4i"&2z'P4}:g!*#e9a![!'Iq3u"2!#Aa2s"2!#Aa3u"3!$9Q*c"(!#Aa,W"(!'Iq(O!Z!"#e!!#`!AAa"S!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&M!5*B4~'V2:&K!!!%!!!!(_#g!!+u!!#U!1)1!Q!!!!!!!!!Q

.EQN 5 -55 9 0 0
{0:R.1}NAME:{4}560
.EQN 0 13 10 0 0
{0:R2}NAME:{0:R.1}NAME
.EQN 0 10 11 0 0
{0:R.3}NAME:{4}270
.EQN 0 12 12 0 0
{0:R.4}NAME:{4}1640
.EQN 5 -35 13 0 0
{0:R.5}NAME:{4}680
.EQN 0 13 14 0 0
{0:C}NAME:{4}0.3*({4}10)^(-{4}12)
.EQN 0 13 15 0 0
{0:F}NAME:{4}3*({4}10)^({4}6)
.TXT 4 -26 16 0 0
Cg a46.900000,46.900000,517
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}{\f1\fcharset2\fnil Symbol;}}\plain
\cf1\fs20 \pard In the diagram to the right, the DC or bias equivalent 
circuit is shown for the {\f1 P} attenuator.  Using this equivalent 
circuit, one can write two equations in two unknowns to solve for I{
\dn p} and I{\dn s}, with fixed voltage V{\dn b }and variable 
(control) voltage V{\dn c} as parameters.  Those two equations appear 
directly below the {\b\i Given} statement found below, with the guess 
values for I{\dn A} and I{\dn B} listed just above them.  Note that an 
approximation for the forward voltage drop across a HSMP-381X  (1.25*I{
\dn B}{\up .088}) is used in the equations.}
.EQN 18 0 17 0 0
{0:I.1}NAME:(10)^(-12)
.EQN 0 13 18 0 0
{0:I.2}NAME:(10)^(-6)
.TXT 0 9 19 0 0
Cg a73.000000,73.000000,26
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Guess values 
for I{\dn 1 }and I{\dn 2}}
.TXT 0 34 20 0 0
Cg a23.000000,23.000000,22
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Tabular 
listing of V{\dn c}{\b :}}
.EQN 0 14 21 0 0
({0:V.c}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)=
.EQN 4 -70 22 0 0
{0:Given}NAME
.EQN 3 0 23 0 0
{0:V.b}NAME÷{0:I.1}NAME*({0:R.1}NAME+{0:R.4}NAME+2*{0:R.5}NAME)+(1.25*({0:I.1}NAME)^(.088))+{0:I.2}NAME*{0:R.1}NAME
.TXT 3 43 24 0 0
Cg a30.000000,30.000000,20
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard The two DC equations}
.TXT 2 -4 25 0 0
Cg a33.000000,33.000000,2
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}{\f1\fcharset0\fnil Arial;}}\plain\cf1
\fs20 \pard {\f1\fs96 \}} }
.EQN 1 -39 26 0 0
{0:p}NAME*{0:k}NAME÷{0:I.1}NAME*{0:R.1}NAME+{0:I.2}NAME*({0:R.1}NAME+2*{0:R.3}NAME)+(1.25*({0:I.2}NAME)^(.088))
.EQN 6 0 27 0 0
{0:f}NAME({0:k}NAME):{0:minerr}NAME({0:I.1}NAME,{0:I.2}NAME)
.TXT 0 24 28 0 0
Cg a49.000000,49.000000,69
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Mathcad solve 
statement, used when an exact solution cannot\par be found.}
.TXT 5 -24 29 0 0
Cg a64.800000,64.800000,422
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard The equations 
for I{\dn p} (the DC or bias current through the parallel or shunt 
diodes D{\dn 1} and D{\dn 4}) and I{\dn s} (the DC current through the 
series diodes D{\dn 2} and D{\dn 3}) are given below.  The calculated 
values are plotted as a function of V{\dn c} to provide a sanity check 
along with error calculations found at the end of this section.  If 
the plotted currents do not look reasonable, try reducing the range of V{
\dn c} or adjusting the value of V{\dn b}.}
.EQN 11 0 30 0 0
({0:I.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):{0:if}NAME(({0:f}NAME({0:k}NAME))[(0)>0,({0:f}NAME({0:k}NAME))[(0),(10)^(-12))
.EQN 0 23 31 0 0
({0:n.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):({0:f}NAME({0:k}NAME))[(0)
.EQN 0 12 32 0 0
({0:I.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):{0:if}NAME(({0:f}NAME({0:k}NAME))[(1)>0,({0:f}NAME({0:k}NAME))[(1),(10)^(-12))
.EQN 0 24 33 0 0
({0:n.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):({0:f}NAME({0:k}NAME))[(1)
.EQN 2 -59 113 0 0
&&((10)^(-13)&_n_u_l_l_)&({0:I.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)@&&(_n_u_l_l_&_n_u_l_l_)&({0:V.c}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 
0 1 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 2 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 3 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 4 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 5 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 6 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 2 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 3 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 4 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 5 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 6 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 21 15 12 0 3 
.EQN 0 32 35 0 0
&&(_n_u_l_l_&_n_u_l_l_)&({0:f}NAME({0:k}NAME))[(1)@&&(_n_u_l_l_&_n_u_l_l_)&({0:V.c}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 
0 1 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 2 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 3 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 4 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 5 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 6 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 2 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 3 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 4 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 5 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 6 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 21 15 12 0 3 
.TXT 28 -32 38 0 0
Cg a66.500000,66.500000,719
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Note that the 
equations above for I{\dn p} and I{\dn s} are given as{\b  if( )}
statements.  This is to take into account the fact that diodes do not 
permit negative values of I{\dn p} and I{\dn s}.  Note also that n{\dn 
p }and n{\dn s} are dummy solutions to be used in the error 
calculation at the end of this note.\par \par In the equations below, R{
\dn p} (the RF resistance of diodes D{\dn 1} and D{\dn 4}) and R{\dn s} 
(the RF resistance of diodes D{\dn 2} and D{\dn 3}) are calculated 
from the equation for RF resistance vs. current for the HSMP-381X 
series.  Also calculated are R{\dn t}, (the equivalent resistance of  
the shunt diode and the shunt bias resistor), Y{\dn c} (the 
susceptance of the series diodes capacitance) and Z{\dn s} (the 
equivalent impedance of the series diodes resistance and capacitance). }
.EQN 21 0 39 0 0
({0:R.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):{0:R.S}NAME+({0:R.j}NAME)/(((1000*({0:I.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)))^(.96))
.EQN 0 40 40 0 0
({0:R.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):{0:R.S}NAME+({0:R.j}NAME)/(((1000*({0:I.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)))^(.96))
.EQN 3 31 117 0 0
{0:R.S}NAME={0}?_n_u_l_l_
.EQN 5 0 118 0 0
{0:R.j}NAME={0}?_n_u_l_l_
.EQN 4 -71 41 0 0
({0:R.t}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):({0:R.1}NAME*({0:R.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME))/({0:R.1}NAME+({0:R.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME))
.EQN 0 23 42 0 0
{0:Y.c}NAME:0+(2*{0:\p}NAME*{0:F}NAME*{0:C}NAME*\(-1))
.EQN 0 26 43 0 0
({0:Z.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):(({0:R.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)*(1)/({0:Y.c}NAME))/(({0:R.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)+(1)/({0:Y.c}NAME))
.EQN 7 -3 116 0 0
{   16    42 23552 0 8 100 376}{66}
!1!*!!!$!#G-!!.[7]&K!!!!!q!!!!>}Ia8G!1.[!!!-!JIl2#Ah!!!!$g-F!pAnIa8G!9.]!!#\!!!$+u%(1EIq<M'?!)"%#e"E70Iq+k&j!$Bd+U!X1FG-#i$g!%'/7-"%1K#e1e%*!'!R6{"#&a&K1c$Y!)$F1a!!!!!!DR%J!/"d4w#7?#<7Am'i!)(P2c"DAj4'6g(K!(%[D7"t?:&K<0L7!-"dG-#G<4G-Ij&6!/(.C%#V9LAa)#JB
!"!!!!!s&l!!)"#e!"!1!!!!#e!!!"&W!!!3&;!!#i!!!!#'!!!!>k!!!%Iq!!!a!"#e)A!@!#Iq&k!0!%!a+u!A!!!!1c#e!%$'!!!B&[!!!##e!!!A&;!!&=Iq!#!p!!!!G-!!!+#e!!"$!"Iq1a!A!%&K+u!a!%#e$'!p.OIq+u!!!+$&$'"#,7!!)D#e!!!R!!!!)#&K!#!b!!!A1A!!&W&K&m(O!!!!6k!@!(Iq+u""!'&K,7"%!"&K
16Jr!'!!!!#'$(&K71&K!%'/!!!!,7!!!%!D!!!S+e!!))!!!!#d!#!A<7!C!+#e+u"C!)!!6k"E!%!!6{!!!('_4G"c!!!!G=!!!+$F!!"%1a!!!'!!!!"#+5!!+y#e!%"C!!!@GM!a,#&K+u"e!'!!<G"d!*IqAa"B!*Iq#U"C6s!!B#!!!0Iq!!#$,'!!7%#e!!"C!!!!72!!!'"%!!"#<7!!,3&K+w(Q!%#eB#"D!0IqG-#E!.Iq6[#'
!%#e9IKD!/!@'=#F&K!!GS&K!+%J!!!!<7!!!*K7!!"E6k!b7)!!!'(p!%#eLG"%!/#eB##d!0IqLG#d!)!!LG!b!+(1<W#d&>.[LHJ#!0K6!!#$AQ!!!-&K!!#&:S!!A}&K!)(N!!"CLG!b,6Iq6})0!-&mLG#d&zIqJe@V!0J50/"u?H&KLK!a!0JU&+#dAR6kGK#e!!#F!!!!GGDG!/#E!!"dG-!B7,Iq,/&J!)'/LG#&,&IqLK)*!0JS
<7#d+|!!Am#%!0K56k#d7!#eLU#}!/&,+u!!LG!!!0Kg!!#dLG!!A`Iq/&&:!'%*LG"d1PIqAg)0!0JrLG#d1KIqLM"K!.(aDg#d<0IqLPK&!0LV!!#EG4+u,6JE!%)0Bs!cLVIq+q#d!)%HGM"C6zIqAi)0!/"DLG#d6jIqLO(Q!0K7<7#FGK#eLS"y!0Kw6{#dLJ.[J2%)!)#d6k"ELS<76zLV!)(oLG"EApIq<0LV!-(.LG#G<6IqLPLV
!0KTD7#d<19QIoLF!0L8FK#dGH!!LVK5!0&<?]#'LP#eB"L,!-&JLG"dG\IqAo&J!,KtLG#7A`IqGHLV!0KvL'#dAo+uLS#3!06bK%#dLVIqLUL%!0LVB##dLT!!G<Kt!/#dF{#ELVIqB1LV!/#VLG#EG<IqH]#d!0&+LG#dG<IqLU#Z!0L7H/#dLVIqLNLV!)#d6k#E!/!!LVK5!!#'!!"d1PIq!0LV!0L8%)#d!!!!LVIq!!!!LG#d6{!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!LVLV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0LV6k#dLVIqAo&J!)%HGM!!,3&K6zK5!0LV6k!a!)!!!!!!!-&K!!#d6jIqLRJ+!!#dLG#dLVIq!!#d!-#FLG#dAo+u!!!!!!!!LG!!!!!!6s"C!0KvL'#ELRIqLLLV!0LVB#"CLO!!B,LV!-&JLG#dLO!!LPKT!0LV6k!!6zIqLU#}!0J5LG!!G=!!6k"C!.(?3%!!,7!!1a#F!!#&B##d
6{!!<HJ%!0K6!!!!!+IqAU#e!!+u!!!U!A!!!Q!!!$.[!q!!!"+w'-2;!a.[!!!5!C+{/}+z!!!!$G&o"(6o!a!!!!+v#5!(!!!!Ku&K!!!!!!&K!!+u!!!N!1#e!a!!!!&L!A!%!!!!!A#f!!6k!!#_!A1A!1!!!!!!!!&O!!!!(_#g!%&K!!!E!RIq/},;")<;*#2\!e<=7],x"+Ae5Y2s!j&Q9Q-d"+AeBS2g!nDM5I.N")9U"C4~!b9X
,7,?"5?!)a4O!c<>+E,7"8#i$'5+!a#l4'.I"*?!Ey2e!m&Q7m-d"+1E:#2f!h?#5y,{"*#i.K2F!dAg.{,B"&G1%y2'!b.a/},;"#.[!!!5!C+{/}+z!!!!$G&_"')5!q!!!"+w'-2;!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q!y!c+{,W,,"')5$G1F!!!!$G'"")<;!q!!!"+w&{2:!a.[!!!5!D.a3%+y!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)13%,L"(6o'-2:
!c)7!q!!!"+w-Y2\!a.[!!!5!D+{2s+z!!!!$G'7"*9U!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!(9U-Y2M!d.a2s,K"#.[!!!5!G#k7]+z!!!!$G'6"*6o!q!!!"+w1Q2h!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q"H!g#k5Y,a"*6o-I1F!!!!$G'f"+Ae!q!!!"+w1A2g!a.[!!!5!H9W8o+y!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)18o-2"+._1Q2g!g!'!q!!!"+w9q2s!a.[
!!!5!H6q8_+z!!!!$G(!",!%!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!*!%9q2o!h9W8_-1"#.[!!!5!K?#9Q+z!!!!$G'~",!%!q!!!"+w>+2s!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q"S!k?#9Q-K",!%9a1F!!!!$G(T"+Ae!q!!!"+w=y2t!a.[!!!5!M.a8o+y!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)18o-~",!%>+2t!k<=!q!!!"+wF[2g!a.[!!!5!M+{9!+z!!!!$G(l
"++y!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!)+yF[2o!m.a9!-}"#.[!!!5!P)75I+z!!!!$G(k"+._!q!!!"+wJC2[!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q";!p)77M.8"+._FK1F!!!!$G&S"99U!q!!!"+wJ32\!a.[!!!5!A6r2s+y!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)12s+}":6oJC2\!p&Q!q!!!"+w%94~!a.[!!!5!A4.3%+z!!!!$G&d"84+!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!
'=)4!&4+%952!a6r3%+|"3.[!!!5!C6r,7+z!!!!$G&c"86o!q!!!"+w'm4i!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q!c!c6r/m,0"86o%)4,!!!!$G&~"5?!!q!!!"+w']4j!a.[!!!5!D)8(?+y!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)1(?,J"7&O'm4j!c4.!q!!!"+w(?25!a.[!!!5!BAg+E+z!!!!$G&v"(&O!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!&&O(?2!!bDM+E,3
"#.[!!!5!DAg1q+z!!!!$G&u"(#i!q!!!"+w+52F!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q"&!dAg.{,B"(#i(/1F!!!!$G'<"*#i!q!!!"+w+%2E!a.[!!!5!EIw47+y!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)147,f"))5+52E!d?#!q!!!"+w2#2^!a.[!!!5!EG34'+z!!!!$G'Q"*?!!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!(?!2#2T!eIw4',e"#.[!!!5!H?#7=+z!!!!
$G'P"*<;!q!!!"+w5y2f!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q"F!h?#5y,{"*<;1q1F!!!!$G(""+1E!q!!!"+w5i2e!a.[!!!5!J)77m+y!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)17m-L"+)55y2e!h<=!q!!!"+w>+2i!a.[!!!5!J&Q7m+z!!!!$G(:"+1E!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!)1E>+2i!j)77m-K"#.[!!!5!M&Q7-+z!!!!$G(9"+4+!q!!!"+wB#2e
!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q"E!m&Q7m-d"+4+=y1F!!!!$G(h"*?!!q!!!"+wAq2f!a.[!!!5!N9W5y+y!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)15y.4"+&OB#2f!m#k!q!!!"+wIQ2S!a.[!!!5!N6q6++z!!!!$G(}"*!%!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!(!%IQ2^!n9W6+.3"#.[!!!5!A#l1a+z!!!!$G(|"*#i!q!!!"+w!15+!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^
!Q"%!a#l4'.I"*#iIA1F!!!!$G&]"8#i!q!!!"+w!!5,!a.[!!!5!B&R.k+y!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)1.k,)"9&O!15,!a!(!q!!!"+w&K4d!a.[!!!5!B#l.{+z!!!!$G&k"6DK!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!$DK&K4x!b&R.{,("3.[!!!5!C<>'m+z!!!!$G&j"6G1!q!!!"+w(/4O!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q!I!c<>+E,7"6G1&;4,
!!!!$G&`"'+y!q!!!"+w&+1~!a.[!!!5!B.a,W+y!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)1,W,,"&G1%y1~!bG3!q!!!"+w)a4R!a.[!!!5!C9X']+z!!!!$G&~"5?!!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!#?!)a4O!c<>'],@"3.[!!!5!P#j'M+z!!!!$G'M"(DK!q!!!"+wJ#/#!a+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q!G!p#j0_,v"(DK1A1F!!!!$G'L"(Ae!q!!!"+w
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!"+wDW4^"C.[!!!5!GDN*C6p!!!!$G(`"64/!a!!!!&L!1!)!!!!KU&Q!!Aa!!!!!!!#!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!<7!!!F!Q)1*C9""64/3e4^"IDN!a!!!!&L!1!)!!!!KU&K!!Aa!!!!!!!#!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!+u!!!#!1&K"3!!!"6oB34k"PDN(/6o!!!!!A#f!!+u!!!#!1&K"3!!!"6oC54e"P4.)A6p!!!!$G'["7DR
!q!!!"+w+54t"s.[!!!5!GG4.+?!!!!!!A#f!!6k!!#_!A1A#%!!!!!!!!&O!!!!(_#f!!+u!!#U!1&K"c!!!#.^!Q!n"yG4.+?Z"7DR+54,!!!!$G'*"7DR!q!!!"+w&{4Z"s.[!!!5!DDN.+?!!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)1.+?Z"6,"'-4Z"u)8!q!!!"+w'-4["s.[!!!5!P&Q2C?"!!!!$G&o"6,"!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!$,"'-5.
#$)72CAS"#.[!!!5!P)723?"!!!!$G(O"&)<!q!!!"+wJC2H"s+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q"(#$)7)qA""&)<Aa1F!!!!$G(P"&,"!q!!!"+w9A2I"s.[!!!5!M#k)q?!!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)1)qA"").f9Q2I"{Iw!q!!!"+w9Q2H"s.[!!!5!FG3)a?"!!!!$G'}").f!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!'.f9Q1u"xIw)a?{"#.[!!!5!FIw
)q?"!!!!$G&w")1L!q!!!"+w111u"s+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q!U"xIw23?J")1L(O1F!!!!$G&x").f!q!!!"+w$G2/"s.[!!!5!CDM23?!!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)123?J"'DR$W2/"t+{!q!!!"+w$W20"s.[!!!5!O&P.+?"!!!!$G&`"'DR!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!%DR$W20##)6.+AC!q.[!!!5!GG4EYAf!!!!$G')"@43!q!!
!"+w3e6B#%+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q#<#+G4EYB@"@43+54,!!!!$G'*"@43!q!!!"+w&{6\#%.[!!!5!DDNEYAe!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)1EYB@"B!-'-6\#')8!q!!!"+w'-6[#%.[!!!5!P&QAAAf!!!!$G&o"B!-!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!0!-'-6*#4)7AAD9"#.[!!!5!P)7AQAf!!!!$G(O"2#q!q!!!"+wJC3D#%+u!!!#!1#e
"c!!!#.^!Q#$#4)7IqCf"2#qAa1F!!!!$G(P"2!-!q!!!"+w9A3C#%.[!!!5!M#kIqAe!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)1IqCf".I}9Q3C#-Iw!q!!!"+w9Q3D#%.[!!!5!FG3J#Af!!!!$G'}".I}!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!,I}9Q3u#*IwJ#Ba"#.[!!!5!FIwIqAf!!!!$G&w".G9!q!!!"+w113u#%+u!!!#!1#e"c!!!#.^!Q#U#*IwAQB0
".G9(O1F!!!!$G&x".I}!q!!!"+w$G3]#%.[!!!5!CDMAQAe!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)1AQB0"043$W3]#&+{!q!!!"+w$W3\#%.[!!!5!O&PEYAf!!!!$G&`"043!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!.43$W3\#3)6EYD)!q+u!!!#!1#e"C!!!0<9!!!-!!!!!!!!!A+u!!!N!1&K!a!!!0!"!1!%!!!!!A#g!!4'!!!9!l.b(oD2"B42!a!!!!&L
!1!%!!!!!A#g!!4'!!!9!l.b(oD2"B42!q!!!"+wF;6d"s.[!!!5!N?$KE?"!!!!$G(j"B9\"3!!!0Ac!!!!!!!#!!!%!!!!(_#f!!+u!!!#!1&K!a!!!!&L!1!)!!!!KU&Q!!Aa!!!!!!!#!a!!!#DH!a!%!!!!Iq#g!#1A!!!E!R#eKEA<"BI|G]4/#39X$'D2"4AmH_4L#3)8(?D""5DSDW4R#11H'=Cc"4Am@?49#01H"CC]"BI|AA6d
#!1HK%A2"B9\F;4,!!!!$G(`"7Al!q!!!"+w3U4s"s.[!!!5!N#l-y?!!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!F!Q)1-yA2"7Al3e4s"yDN!a!!!!&L!1!)!!!!KU&K!!Aa!!!!!!!#!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#i!!+u!!!N!1)1!a!!!0!"!1!%!!!!!A#g!!4'!!!9!m)80?A>"7!,!a!!!!&L!1!%!!!!!A#g!!4'!!!9!m9X/=A8"71L!q!!!"+wDW49#%.[
!!!5!N#lEiAf!!!!$G(`"4&W!a!!!!&L!1!)!!!!KU&Q!!Aa!!!!!!!#!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!<7!!!F!Q)1$'Cv"@43DW6C#2#l!q!!!"+wDW6B#%.[!!!5!GDNEYAf!!!!$G(`"@43!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!'=)4!.43DW6B#+G4EYBp"4!!!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!!!"!a!!!#DH!A!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!
!!&L!1!)!!!!KU&P!!!!!!#dLVIq!a!!!#DH!a!%!!!!Iq#f!!+u!!!N!1)1"c!!!$&U0?3&!1&K!!!R/a!!.+!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!!!&L!1!H!!!!)Q<Q"!.`$W!!!&'3&Q/n4}:i1WBh3l,71w:e1x/f4g!u!%4'&;!]!$DG+u!9!$9Q+E!8!$DG+u!?!"Iq*c!9!#.[*c!a!"6k&+!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!!!&L!1!*!!!!)Q=R":1E
!1!!!&&K/=!1!!!!Ke(,LG!!!!!!!*!"!!!!!!!1!#'.4M:T3E!xH?+u!!!N!1#e!a!!!0!"!A!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!!!&L!1!*!!!!)Q=*"?DK!1!!!$#e*3!1!!!!Ke'wLG!!!!!!!*!"!!!!!!!1!#'.4M:T3E!!!1+u!!!N!1&K!a!!!0!"!1!&!!!!"S&K!!!#!a!!!!&L!1!+!!!!)Q=j"FAd!A!!!$/-+u!a!"!!!!#`!I>z!!!!
!!!!9Q#e!!!#!"!!/"*L3['\3E#J!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"lG5DG)2!!!!/m!y!"1A!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!$+'\3{@,1WGM.QBg&P*G5_Bh!#K*!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"rAgDG)2!!!!-I!Q!"!!!!#`!JG,!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!
!"!!&o$y2y$s!&6R!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"n)7"#+v!!!!,'!a!"1A!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!$+'\3{@,1WGM.QBg&P*G5_Bh!#K*!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"rAg@_1B!!!!-I!P!"!!!!#`!JG,!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s
!&6R!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"n9WJs1B!!!!,7!a!"!!!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!!!"!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"qIw<W.\!!!!.{!u!"!!!!#`!JG,!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!&6R!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[
!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"o!'Js.\!!!!4'!W!"!!!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!!!"!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"i.b'=1B!!!!.{!v!"!!!!#`!JG,!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!&6R!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S
"f1H6k1B!!!!4W!T!"!!!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!!!"!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"pG5/M4(!!!!,G!u!"1A!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!$+'\3{@,1WGM.QBg&P*G5_Bh!%AH!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"r.a4'9R!!!!
-I!P!"!!!!#`!JG,!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!!!"!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"nDM=y9R!!!!,G!g!"!!!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!&6R!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"k)72s6l!!!!.{!v!"!!!!#`!JG,!!!!!!!!9Q#e
!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!!!"!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"g!'D'6l!!!!)a!W!"!!!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!&6R!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"l<=(_<8!!!!.{!u!"!!!!#`!JG,!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!!!"!a!!!#DH
!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"i&Q9q<8!!!!4'!W!"!!!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!&6R!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"g<>AA6l!!!!.{!u!"!!!!#`!JG,!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!!!"!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O
!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"d+|$W9R!!!!4W!T!"!!!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!&6R!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"q&S@/9R!!!!,G!u!"1A!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!$+'\3{@,1WGM.QBg&P*G5_Bh!#K*!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q
!!!S"rIw?->|!!!!-I!P!"!!!!#`!JG,!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!&6R!a!!!#DH!1!%!!!!Iq#g!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!9Q!!!S"nDMJS>|!!!!,W!h!"!!!!#`!I>z!!!!!!!!9Q#e!!!!!"!!&o$y2y$s!!!"!a!!!#DH!A!%!!!!Iq#f!!.[!!!*!A!!!!&O!!!!!A#f!!<7!!!S"p!'$gDI!!!!*&!a!%!!#e!!
!0>}8^Iq!!!!!!"S!1!!!!&K#e!s/4:`1gK!!/._!!!!(_#f!!+u!!#U!1&K!q!!!!9S!!!!!A+u!!!#!1#e"S!!!$&UFk2y#5#e!!!x!&6k#e!!!0>}8^Iq!!!!!!"S!1!!!!!!#e!C,.'V1WAa!!#i!!!!(_#g!!+u!!#U!1#e!q!!!!9S!!!!!A+u!!!#!1#e"S!!!$&U1Q2M"s#e!!!s!&+u#e!!!0>};tIq!!!!!!"S!1!!!!!!#e!C
,.'V1WAa/{4+!!!!(_#f!!+u!!#U!1&K!q!!!!9S!!!!!A+u!!!#!1#e"S!!!$&U'm3J"s#e!!!R!$1A#u!!!0>}#%!*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!A&L,MK*4M:X4G!!!!+u!!!N!1&K!a!!!0!"!1!$!!!!!!!Q

.TXT 1 -46 45 0 0
Cg a43.600000,43.600000,476
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Note that the 
only parasitic susceptance taken into account in this analysis is the 
total capacitance (package plus junction) of the series diodes.  While 
the capacitance of the shunt diodes (and the inductance of all four) 
is neglected, this computation will nevertheless give good agreement 
to actual measured data at frequencies up to 3 Ghz.  Using the 
equivalent circuit shown to the right, four equations can be written 
for the computation of return loss and attenuation.}
.TXT 18 0 46 0 0
Cg a73.000000,73.000000,34
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Guess values 
for I{\dn A}, I{\dn B}, I{\dn C} and I{\dn D}}
.EQN 4 0 47 0 0
{0:I.A}NAME:(10)^(-2)+.01j
.EQN 0 19 48 0 0
{0:I.B}NAME:(10)^(-3)+.001j
.EQN 0 18 49 0 0
{0:I.C}NAME:(10)^(-4)+.001j
.EQN 0 19 50 0 0
{0:I.D}NAME:(10)^(-5)+.0001j
.EQN 5 -56 51 0 0
{0:Given}NAME
.EQN 3 0 52 0 0
1÷{0:I.A}NAME*(50+{0:R.t}NAME)-{0:I.B}NAME*{0:R.t}NAME
.EQN 5 0 53 0 0
0÷-{0:I.A}NAME*{0:R.t}NAME+{0:I.B}NAME*({0:R.t}NAME+{0:Z.s}NAME+{0:R.3}NAME)-{0:I.C}NAME*{0:R.3}NAME
.TXT 4 40 54 0 0
Cg a33.000000,33.000000,21
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard The four RF equations}
.EQN 1 -40 55 0 0
0÷-{0:I.B}NAME*{0:R.3}NAME+{0:I.C}NAME*({0:R.3}NAME+{0:Z.s}NAME+{0:R.t}NAME)-{0:I.D}NAME*{0:R.t}NAME
.TXT 1 35 56 0 0
Cg a33.000000,33.000000,2
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}{\f1\fcharset0\fnil Arial;}}\plain\cf1
\fs20 \pard {\f1\fs144 \}} }
.EQN 4 -35 57 0 0
0÷-{0:I.C}NAME*{0:R.t}NAME+{0:I.D}NAME*(50+{0:R.t}NAME)
.EQN 5 0 58 0 0
{0:f}NAME({0:Z.s}NAME,{0:R.p}NAME,{0:R.t}NAME):{0:find}NAME({0:I.A}NAME,{0:I.B}NAME,{0:I.C}NAME,{0:I.D}NAME)
.TXT 0 31 59 0 0
Cg a42.000000,42.000000,66
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Mathcad solve 
statement, used when an exact solution can be found.}
.EQN 6 -31 60 0 0
({0:I.A}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):({0:f}NAME(({0:Z.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME),({0:R.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME),({0:R.t}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)))[(0)
.TXT 0 31 61 0 0
Cg a42.000000,42.000000,44
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Solve for I{
\dn A}, needed to compute return loss.}
.EQN 6 -31 62 0 0
({0:I.D}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):({0:f}NAME(({0:Z.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME),({0:R.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME),({0:R.t}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)))[(3)
.TXT 0 31 63 0 0
Cg a42.000000,42.000000,44
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Solve for I{
\dn D}, needed to compute attenuation.}
.EQN 6 -31 65 0 0
({0:R.x}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):(1)/(|(({0:I.A}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)))-50
.TXT 0 31 66 0 0
Cg a42.000000,42.000000,42
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Input 
impedance of the attenuator circuit.}
.EQN 8 -31 68 0 0
({0:ATTN}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):-20*{0:log}NAME(100*|(({0:I.D}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)))
.TXT 0 21 69 0 0
Cg a53.000000,53.000000,6
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard in dB.}
.EQN 0 15 70 0 0
({0:RL}NAME)[({0:k}NAME):20*{0:log}NAME(|((({0:R.x}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)-50)/(({0:R.x}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)+50)))
.TXT 0 19 71 0 0
Cg a18.000000,18.000000,6
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard in dB.}
.TXT 7 -55 72 0 0
Cg b120.000000,120.000000,138
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Appearing 
below are the computed return loss and attenuation as a function of 
control voltage, shown in both graphical and tabular format.}
.EQN 1 25 73 0 0
100&1&(1&100)&({0:ATTN}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)@30&&(_n_u_l_l_&30)&({0:V.c}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 
0 1 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 2 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 3 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 4 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 5 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 6 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 2 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 3 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 4 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 5 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 6 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 37 30 12 0 3 
.EQN 1 -25 74 0 0
({0:V.c}NAME)[({0:k}NAME){84530}=
.EQN 1 5 75 0 0
({0:ATTN}NAME)[({0:k}NAME){84529}=
.EQN 0 5 76 0 0
({0:RL}NAME)[({0:k}NAME){84529}=
.EQN 37 17 77 0 0
-10&-30&(-30&-10)&({0:RL}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)@15&0&(0&15)&({0:V.c}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 
0 1 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 2 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 3 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 4 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 5 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 6 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 2 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 3 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 4 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 5 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 6 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 0 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 1 0 1 1 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 37 26 12 0 3 
.TXT 36 -27 78 0 0
Cg b120.000000,120.000000,458
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard {\ul ERROR FUNCTION}
\par The following two functions compute the error in the calculation 
of DC (bias) currents I{\dn p }and I{\dn s}.  Because the equations 
for these two currents are set up as{\b  if( )} statements (to 
eliminate solutions having negative currents), dummy variables n{\dn p }
and n{\dn s} had to be used.  If either of these error functions 
exceeds a value of 10, or if the plotted values of current (page 1) 
look to be strange, cut down the range of V{\dn c} or alter the value 
of V{\dn b}.\par }
.EQN 11 1 79 0 0
|({0:k}NAME$({0:V.b}NAME-(({0:n.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)*({0:R.1}NAME+{0:R.4}NAME+2*{0:R.5}NAME)+(1.25*((({0:n.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)))^(.088))+({0:n.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)*{0:R.1}NAME)))={0}?_n_u_l_l_
.TXT 0 57 80 0 0
Cg a18.000000,18.000000,11
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Error in Ip}
.EQN 8 -57 81 0 0
|({0:k}NAME$({0:p}NAME*{0:k}NAME-(({0:n.p}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)*{0:R.1}NAME+({0:n.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)*({0:R.1}NAME+2*{0:R.3}NAME)+(1.25*((({0:n.s}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)))^(.088)))))={0}?_n_u_l_l_
.TXT 0 57 82 0 0
Cg a18.000000,18.000000,11
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard Error in Is}
.EQN 9 -57 84 0 0
{0:WRITEPRN}NAME({0:DATA1}NAME):{0:k}NAME*{0:p}NAME
.EQN 0 23 85 0 0
{0:WRITEPRN}NAME({0:DATA2}NAME):({0:ATTN}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)
.EQN 0 27 86 0 0
{0:WRITEPRN}NAME({0:DATA3}NAME):({0:RL}NAME)[({0:k}NAME)
.TXT 6 -51 88 0 0
Cg b120.000000,120.000000,632
{\rtf\ansi \deff0{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue255;}{\fonttbl{\f0
\fcharset0\fnil Times New Roman;}}\plain\cf1\fs20 \pard The three 
WRITEPRN functions shown above will write your tabular data to three 
ASCII data files called DATA1 (V{\dn c}),  DATA2(Attenuation) and 
DATA3 (Return loss) when you use the {\b\i Calculate document }command 
in the {\b\i Math }drop-down menu.  These ASCII files can be imported 
into other programs for further processing.\par \par The accuracy of 
this file is demonstrated in the plots below, which compare calculated 
attenuation and return loss at 450 MHz with data measured on the 
bench, using the circuit described in Application Note 1048.  Measured 
data are indicated by straight line segments between dots on the 
graphs.  Agreement is excellent.\par }